Center for Global Health Faculty

Professor

Co-Director, Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Academic Degrees

• MBBS
• PhD

Departmental Affiliation

• Name:

  Epidemiology

  Affiliation Type:

  Primary

  Division:

  Infectious Disease Program

• Name:

  Population, Family and Reproductive Health

  Affiliation Type:

  Joint

Departmental Address

Room E7138 615 North Wolfe Street; Baltimore, Maryland 21205

Contact Information

Email:

ttaha+jhsph.edu

Phone:

+1.410.614.5255

Fax:

+1.443.287.5188

Link:

Personal Website

Link:

SciVal Experts Research Profile

Research and Professional Experience

Taha E. Taha MBBS, MCM, MPH, PhD, is Professor of Epidemiology and Population, Family and Reproductive Health. He is the Co-Director of the Infectious Disease Area of Concentration in the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Dr Taha is a physician with extensive training and experience in infectious diseases, community medicine, public health, and demography. Dr Taha is the principal investigator of the Malawi Clinical Trials Unit (CTU) – an NIH research consortium that includes the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, University of Malawi and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. He has also been the principal investigator of the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) NIH-funded projects in Malawi. He is the principal investigator, co-principal investor or a co-investigator on other cooperative agreements, subcontracts or investigator-initiated NIH, CDC or other sources-funded research and training projects in Malawi. For approximately 20 years, Dr Taha has directed several large cohort studies and clinical trials in Malawi. His expertise is in conduct of epidemiologic studies in the area of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, malaria, other tropical diseases, and assessment of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the health of women and children. He has worked in several African countries. He has extensively published in the fields of HIV and genital tract infections. He has participated in teaching of graduate medical students and post-doctoral fellows in several countries in Africa, and currently is a full-time faculty in the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. In addition to teaching and research, Dr Taha is extensively involved in training and development of infra-structure in African countries.  

Keywords

Africa, AIDS, Antiretrovirals, Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases, Malaria, Malawi, Microbicides, Perinatal HIV Transmission, Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

Honors and Awards

SOCIETY MEMBERSHIP: Member-American Epidemiological Society Member-American College of Epidemiology Member-International Society of Epidemiology Member-American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

AWARDS: 2004-The Gustav J. Martin Innovation Research Fund Award, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 1992-The Paul A. Harper Award, The Johns Hopkins University. 1991-92-The Population Council Fellowship. 1988-90-The African Dissertation Fellowship Award, The Rockefeller Foundation. 1986-88-Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation Fellowship. 1986-Outstanding Graduate Award, San Diego State University. 1986-John Hanlon Award, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University. 1984-86-The African American Institute Fellowship.

Selected Publications

INTERVIEWS: Med Page Today: http://www.medpagetoday.com/HIVAIDS/HIVAIDS/9701

PUBLICATIONS:

Kafulafula G, Hoover DR,  Taha TE, Thigpen M, Li Q, Fowler MG, Kumwenda NI, Nkanaunena K, Mipando L, Mofenson LM. Frequency of Gastroenteritis-Associated Mortality with Early Weaning in HIV-I-Uninfected Children Born to HIV-Infected Women in Malawi. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 2010, 53 (1):6-13.

Makanani B, Kumwenda J, Kumwenda N, Chen S, Tsui A, Taha TE. Resumption of Sexual Activity and Regular Menses Postpartum Among HIV-1 Infected African Women. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2010,108 (1):26-30.

Taha TE, Nour S, Li Q, Kumwenda N, Kafulafula G, Nkhoma C, Broadhead R. The effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Breastfeeding on the Nutritional Status of African Children. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2010, 29 (6).

Lidström J, Li Q, Hoover DR, Kafulafula G, Mofenson LM, Fowler MG, Thigpen MC, Kumwenda N, Taha TE, Eshleman SH. Addition of extended zidovudine to extended nevirapine prophylaxis reduces nevirapine resistance in infants who were HIV infected in utero. AIDS, 2010, 24 (3):381-386.

Msamanga GI, Taha TE, Young AM, Brown ER, Hoffman IF, Read JS, Mudenda V, Goldenberg RL, Sharma U, Sinkala M, Fawzi WW. Placental Malaria and Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV-1. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009, 80 (4):508-515.

Aboud S, Msamanga G, Read JS, Wang L, Mfalila C, Sharma U, Martinson F, Taha TE, Goldenberg R, Fawzi W. Effect of prenatal and perinatal antibiotics on maternal health in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2009, 107 (3):202-207.

Taha TE, Kumwenda J, Cole SR, Hoover DR, Kafulafula G, Fowler MG, Thigpen MC, Li Q, Kumwenda NI, Mofenson L. Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission after Cessation of Extended Infant Antiretroviral Prophylaxis and Effect of Maternal HAART. Journal of Infectious Disease. 2009, 200 (10):1490-1497.

Nelson JA, Loftis AM, Kamwendo D, Fawzi WW, Taha TE, Goldenberg RL, Fiscus SA. Nevirapine resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive infants determined using dried blood spots stored for up to six years at room temperature. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2009; 47: (4): 1209-1211.

Kafulafula G, Mwatha A, Chen YQ, Aboud S, Martinson F, Hoffman I, Fawzi W, Read JS, Valentine M, Kasonde M, Goldenberg R, Taha TE. Intrapartum Antibiotic Exposure and Early Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality in Africa. Pediatrics, 2009; 124: (1): e137-e144.

Read JS, Mwatha A, Richardson B, Valentine M, Emel L, Manji K, Hoffman I, Sharma U, Goldenberg PL, Taha TE. Primary HIV-1 Infection among Infants in Sub-Saharan Africa:  HPTN 024. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2009; 51: (3): 317-322.

Taulo F, Berry M, Tsui A, Makanani B, Kafulafula G, Li Q, Nkhoma C, Kumwenda JJ, Kumwenda N, Taha TE. Fertility intentions of HIV-1 infected and uninfected women in Malawi: a longitudinal study. AIDS Behavior 2009; 13 Suppl. 1: S20-S27.

Salter ML, Go VF, Celantano DD, Diener-West M, Nkhoma CM, Kumwenda N, Taha TE. The Role of Men in Women's Acceptance of an Intravaginal Gel in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Blantyre, Malawi: a Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis. AIDS Care. 2008; 20 (7): 853-862.

Chilongozi D, Wang L, Brown L, Taha TE, Valentine M, Emel L, Sinkala M, Kafulafula G, Noor RA, Read JS, Brown ER, Goldenberg RL, Hoffman I. Morbidity and Mortality among a Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-infected and Uninfected Pregnant Women and Their Infants from Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania. Accepted, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2008; 27 (9): 808-814.

Church JD, Towler WI, Hoover DR, Hudelson SE, Jones DC, Kumwenda N, Taha TE, Eshleman JR, Eshleman SH. Comparison of LigAmp and an ASPCR Assay for Detection and Quantification of K103-Containing HIV Variants. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2008; 24 (4):595-605.

Mehta S, Manji KP, Young AM, Brown ER, Taha TE, Read JS, Goldenberg RL, Fawzi WW. Nutrition Indicators of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV among HIV-infected Women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008; 87(6): 1639-1649.

Aboud S, Msamanga G, Read JS, Mwatha, Chen YQ, Potter D, Valentine M, Sharma U, Hoffman I,Taha TE, Goldenberg RL, Fawzi WW. Genital Tract Infections Among HIV-Infected Pregnant Women in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 2008; 19: 824–832.

Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Kafulafula G. Antiretroviral Prophylaxis to Reduce Breast-Milk HIV-1 Transmission. New England Journal of Medicine, 2008; 359: (17):1846-1847.

Brown E, Chi BH, Read JS, Taha TE, Sharma U, Hoffman IF, Pikora C, Goldenberg R, Fiscus SA. Determining an Optimal Testing Strategy for Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 During the Late Postnatal Period. AIDS, 2008; 22; 2241-2246.

Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, Mofenson LM, Thigpen MC, Kafulafula G, Li Q, Mipando L, Nkanaunena K, Mebrahtu T, Butlerys M, Fowler MG, Taha TE. Extended Antiretroviral Prophylaxis to Reduce Breast-Milk HIV-1 Transmission. New England Journal of Medicine, 2008: 359(2):119-129.

Kumwenda NI, Kumwenda J, Kafulafula G, Makanani B, Taulo F, Nkhoma C, Qi L, Taha TE. HIV-1 Incidence among Women of Reproductive Age in Malawi. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 2008; 19 (5): 339-341.

Kumwenda JJ, Makanani B, Taulo F, Nkhoma C, Kafulafula G, Li Q, Kumwenda N, Taha TE. Natural History and Risk Factors Associated with Early and Established HIV-1 Infection among Reproductive Age Women in Malawi. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008: 46(12): 1913-1920.

Gulia J, Kumwenda N, Li Q, Taha TE. HIV Seroreversion Time in HIV-1. Uninfected Children Born to HIV-1 Infected Mothers in Malawi. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2007; 46(3): 332-337.

Taha TE, Hoover DR, Kumwenda NI, Fiscus SA, Kafulafula G, Nkhoma C, Chen S, Piwower E, Broadhead RL, Brooks Jackson J, Miotti PG. Late Postnantal Transmission of HIV-1 and Associated Factors. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007;196(1):10-4.

Goldenberg RL, Andrews WW, Hoffman I, Fawzi W, Valentine M, Young A, Read JS, Brown ER, Mudenda V, Kafulafula G, Mwinga K, Taha TE. Fetal fibronectin and adverse infant outcomes in a predominantly human immunodeficiency virus-infected African population: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007; 109: 392-401.

Eshleman SH, Lie Y, Hoover Dr, Chen S, Hudelson SE, Fiscus SA, Petropoulos CJ, Kumwenda N, Parkin N, Taha TE. Association of HIV-1 replication capacity (RC) with HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission among antiretroviral drug naïve Malawian women. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2006; 193 (11):1512-1515.

Taha TE, Kumwenda N, Kafulafula G, Makanani B, Nkhoma C, Chen S, Tsui A, Hoover DR. Intermittent Intravaginal Antibiotic Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis in HIV-Uninfected and Infected Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. PLoS Clin Trials 2(2): e10.

Kumwenda N, Hoffman I, Chirenje M, Kelly C, Coletti A, Ristow A, Martinson F, Brown J, Chilongozi D, Richardson B, Rosenberg Z, Padian N, Taha T. HIV incidence among women of reproductive age in Malawi and Zimbabwe (HIVNET/ HPTN 016). Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2006; 33(11): 646-651.

Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, Kafulafula G, Fiscus SA, Nkhoma C, Chen S, Broadhead RL. The impact of breastfeeding on the health of HIV-1 infected mothers and their children in sub-Saharan Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2006; 84(7): 546-554.

Taha TE, Brown ER, Hoffman I, Fawzi W, Read JS, Sinkala M, Martinson F, Kafulafula G, Masamanga G, Valentine M, Emel L, Mwatha A, Adeniyi-Jones S, Goldenberg R. A phase III clinical trial of antibiotics to reduce chorioamniontis-related perinatal HIV-1 transmission. AIDS 2006; 20: 1313 – 321.

Biggar RJ, Taha TE, Hoover D, Kumwenda N, Broadhead R. Higher HIV infection risk in girls than boys infected in utero or perinatally. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2006; 41: 509-513.

Goldenberg RL, Mudenda V, Read JS, Brown ER, Sinkala M, Kamiza S, Martinson F, Kaaya E, Hoffman I, Fawzi W, Valentine M, Taha TE and the HPTN 024 Study Team. HPTN 024 study: Histologic chorioamnionitis, antibiotics and adverse infant outcomes in a predominantly HIV-1-infected African population. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006; 195(4): 1065-1074.

Goldenberg RL, Mwatha A, Read JS, Adeniyi-Jones S, Sinkala M, Masamanga G, Martinson F, Hoffman I, Fawzi W, Valentine M, Emel L, Brown E, Mudenda V, Taha TE and the HPTN 024 Team. The HPTN 024 study: the efficacy of antibiotics to prevent chorioamnionitis and preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006; 194(3): 650-661.

Eshleman SH, Hoover DR, Hudelson SE, Chen S, Fiscus SA, Piwowar-Manning E, Jackson JB, Kumwenda NI, Taha TE. Development of nevirapine resistance is reduced by using infant-only nevirapine plus zidovudine post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006; 193(4): 479-481.

Eshleman SH, Church JD, Hoover DR, Chen S, Guay LA, Mwatha A, Fiscus SA, Mmiro F, Musoke P, Jackson JB, Kumwenda N, Taha T. Comparison of risk of HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission among Malawian women with subtype C and Ugandan women with subtypes A and D after single dose nevirapine prophylaxis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2005;192: 30–36.

Eshleman SH, Hoover DR, Chen S, Hudelson SE, Guay LA, Mwatha A, Fiscus SA, Mmiro F, Musoke P, Jackson JB, Kumwenda N, Taha T. Resistance after single dose nevirapine prophylaxis emerges in a high portion of Malawian newborns. AIDS 2005; 19(18): 2167-2169.

Taha TE, Kumwenda N, Mwakomba A, Mwenda R, Kawonga H, Nyasulo P, Soko D, Chen S, Hoover D, Kafulafula G. Safety, acceptability and potential efficacy of a topical penile microbicide wipe. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2005; 39:347-353.

Taha TE, Nour S, Kumwenda NI, Broadhead RL, Fiscus SA, Kafulafula G, Nkhoma C, Chen S, Hoover DR. Gender differences in perinatal HIV acquisition among African infants. Pediatrics 2005, 115: 167 – 172.

Taha TE, Kumwenda N, Kafulafula G, Kumwenda J, Chitale R, Nkhoma C, Katundu P, Mukiibi J, Miotti P, Hoover D, Broadhead R. Hematological changes among children who received short-term prophylaxis with nevirapine and zidovudine at birth. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 2004, 24: 301- 309.

Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, Fiscus SA, Kafulafula G, Nkhoma C, Nour S, Chen S, Liomba G, Miotti PG, Broadhead RL. Nevirapine and zidovudine at birth to reduce transmission of HIV from mother to infant in an African setting: randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004, 292: 202 – 209.

Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Gibbons A, Broadhead RL, Fiscus S, Lema V, Liomba G, Nkhoma C, Miotti PG, Hoover DR. Short postexposure prophylaxis in newborn babies to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: NVAZ randomized clinical trial. Lancet 2003, 362: 1171-1177.

Kumwenda N, Taha TE, Celentano DD. Response to “Unexplained high HIV-1 incidence in a cohort of Malawi men”: Letter to the Editor. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003; 30(2):185.

Sutcliffe S, Taha TE, Kumwenda N, Taylor E, Liomba GN. HIV-1 prevalence and herpes simplex virus 2, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections among male workers at a Sugar Estate in Malawi. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2002, 3:90-97.

Kumwenda NI, Taha TE, Hoover D, Markakis D, Liomba NG, Chiphangwi JD, Celentano DD. Three surveys of HIV-1prevalence and risk factors among men working at a Sugar Estate in Malawi. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2002, 29:366-371.

Taha TE, Kumwenda N, Gibbons A, Hoover D, Lema V, Fiscus S, Mukiibi J, Liomba G, Broadhead R. Effect of HIV-1 antiretroviral prophylaxis on hepatic and hematological parameters of African infants. AIDS 2002, 16:851-858.

Semba RD, Taha TE, Kumwenda N, Mtimavalye L, Broadhead R, Miotti PG, Chiphangwi JD. Iron status and indicators of human immunodeficiency deficiency disease severity among pregnant women in Malawi. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001, 32:1496-1499

Taha TE, Gray RH. Genital tract infections and perinatal transmission of HIV. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 2000, 918:84-98.

Taha, T.E., Graham, S.M., Kumwenda, N.I., Broadhead, R.L., Hoover, D.R., Markakis, D., Hoeven, L.V.,D., Liomba, G.N., Chiphangwi, J.D., Miotti, P.G. Morbidity among HIV-1 infected and uninfected African children. Pediatrics 2000, 106(6):e77.

Taha, T. E., Gray, R. H. Genital tract infections and perinatal transmission of HIV. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 2000, 918:84-98.

Taha, T.E., Kumwenda, N.I., Hoover, D.R., Biggar, R.J., Broadhead, R.L., Cassol, S., Hoeven, L.V.,D., Markakis, D., Liomba, G.N., Chiphangwi, J.D., Miotti, P.G. Association of HIV-1 load and CD4+ lymphocyte with mortality in untreated African children older than one year. AIDS 2000, 14:453-459.

Taha, T.E., Graham, S.M., Kumwenda, N.I., Broadhead, R.L., Hoover, D.R., Markakis, D., Hoeven, L.V.,D., Liomba, G.N., Chiphangwi, J.D., Miotti, P.G. Morbidity among HIV-1 infected and uninfected African children. Pediatrics 2000, 106:URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/106/6/e77.

Taha, T.E., Kumwenda, N.I., Hoover, D.R., Biggar, R.J., Broadhead, R.L., Cassol, S., Hoeven, L.V.,D., Markakis, D., Liomba, G.N., Chiphangwi, J.D., Miotti, P.G. Association of HIV-1 load and CD4+ lymphocyte with mortality in untreated African children older than one year. AIDS 2000, 14:453-459.

Ioaninidis JPA, Taha TE, Kumwenda N, Broadhead R, Mtimavalye L, Miotti P, Yellin F, Contoploulos-Ioannidis DG, Biggar RJ. Predictors and impact of losses to follow-up in a HIV-1 perinatal transmission cohort in Malawi. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999, 28:769-775.

Miotti, P.G., Taha, T.E., Kumwenda, N.I., Broadhead, R., Mtimavalye, L.A.R., Hoeven, L.V.D., Chiphangwi, J.D., Liomba, G., Biggar, R.J. HIV transmission from breastfeeding: a study from Malawi. JAMA 1999, 282:744-749.

Taha, T.E., Kumwenda, N.I., Broadhead, R.L., Hoover, D.R., Graham, S.M., Hoeven, L.V.,D., Markakis, D., Liomba, G.N., Chiphangwi, J.D., Miotti, P.G. Mortality after the first year of life among HIV infected and uninfected children. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal 1999, 18:689-694.

Taha, T.E., Gray, R.H., Kumwenda N.I, Hoover, D.R., Mtimavalye, L.A.R., Liomba, G.N., Chiphangwi, J.D., Dallabetta, G.A., Miotti, P.G. HIV infection and disturbances of vaginal flora during pregnancy. Journal Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 1999, 20: 52-59.

Taha, T.E., Hoover, D.R., Dallabetta, G.A., Kumwenda, N.I., Mtimavalye, L.A.R., Ping, Yang, L-p., Liomba G.N., Broadhead, R.L., Chiphangwi, J.D., Miotti, P.G. Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV. AIDS 1998, 12: 1699-1706.

Taha, T.E., Dallabetta, G.A., Hoover, D.R., Chiphangwi, J.D., Mtimavalye, L.A.R., Liomba, G., Kumwenda, N.I., Miotti, P.G. Trends of HIV-1 and sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant and postpartum women in urban Malawi. AIDS 1998, 12: 197-203.

Taha, T.E., Biggar, R.J., Broadhead, R.L., Mtimavalye, L.A.R., Justesen, A., Liomba, G., Chiphangwi, J.D., Miotti, P.G. Effect of cleaning the birth canal with an antiseptic solution on maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality: clinical trial. British Medical Journal 1997, 315:216-219.

Biggar RJ, Miles W, Miotti PG, Taha TE, Butcher A, Spadero J, Waters D. Blood collection on filter paper: a practical approach to sample collection for large epidemiologic studies. Journal Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology 1997, 14:368-373.

Biggar, R.J., Miotti, P.G., Taha, T. E., Mtimavalye, L.A., Broadhead, R.L., Justesen, A., Yellin, F., Liomba, G., Miley, W., Waters, D., Chiphangwi, J.D., Goedert, J.J. Perinatal intervention trial in Africa: effect of a birth canal cleansing intervention to prevent HIV transmission. Lancet 1996, 347:1647-1650.

Taha, T.E., Canner, J.K., Chiphangwi, J.D., Dallabetta, G.A., Yang, L., Mtimavalye, L.A.R., Miotti, P.G. Lack of association between reported condom use and rates of sexually transmitted diseases in Malawi. AIDS 1996, 10:207-212.

Taha, T.E., Miotti, P. G., Liomba, G., Dallabetta, G.A., Chiphangwi, J.D. HIV, maternal death and child survival in Africa. AIDS 1996, 10:111-112.

Taha, T. E. Comparison of reported and confirmed malaria during pregnancy: findings from hospital and community studies in Sudan. East African Medical Journal 1996, 73:571-574.

Taha, T.E., Dallabetta, G.A., Canner, J.K., Chiphangwi, J.D., Liomba, G., Hoover, D.R., Miotti, P.G. The effect of Human immunodeficiency virus infection on birthweight and Infant and child mortality in Malawi. International Journal of Epidemiology 1995, 24:1022-1029.

Taha, T.E., Canner, J.K., Dallabetta, G.A., Chiphangwi, J.D., Liomba, G., Wangel, A-M., Saah, A. J., Miotti, P.G. Childhood malaria parasitemia and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Malawi. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994, 88: 164-165.

Taha, T.E., Gray, R.H., Abdelwahab, M.M., Abdelhafeez, A.R., Abdelsalam, A.B. Levels and determinants of perinatal mortality in central Sudan. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1994, 45:109-115.

Taha, T.E., Gray, R.H., Mohamedani, A.A. Malaria and low birth weight in Central Sudan. The American Journal of Epidemiology 1993, 138:318-325.

Taha, T.E., Gray, R.H. Malaria and perinatal mortality in Central Sudan. The American Journal of Epidemiology 1993, 138:563-568.